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  <div class="section" id="generic-operating-system-services">
<span id="allos"></span><h1>通用操作系统服务<a class="headerlink" href="#generic-operating-system-services" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
<p>本章中描述的各模块提供了在（几乎）所有的操作系统上可用的操作系统特性的接口，例如文件和时钟。这些接口通常以 Unix 或 C 接口为参考对象，不过在大多数其他系统上也可用。这里有一个概述：</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code> --- 操作系统接口模块</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#file-names-command-line-arguments-and-environment-variables">文件名，命令行参数，以及环境变量。</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#process-parameters">进程参数</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#file-object-creation">创建文件对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#file-descriptor-operations">文件描述符操作</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#querying-the-size-of-a-terminal">查询终端的尺寸</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#inheritance-of-file-descriptors">文件描述符的继承</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#files-and-directories">文件和目录</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#linux-extended-attributes">Linux 扩展属性</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#process-management">进程管理</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#interface-to-the-scheduler">调度器接口</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#miscellaneous-system-information">其他系统信息</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#random-numbers">随机数</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io</span></code> --- 处理流的核心工具</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#overview">概述</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#text-i-o">文本 I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#binary-i-o">二进制 I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#raw-i-o">原始 I/O</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#high-level-module-interface">高阶模块接口</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#in-memory-streams">内存中的流</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#class-hierarchy">类的层次结构</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#i-o-base-classes">I/O 基类</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#raw-file-i-o">原始文件 I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#buffered-streams">缓冲流</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#id1">文本 I/O</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#performance">性能</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#id2">二进制 I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#id3">文本 I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#multi-threading">多线程</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#reentrancy">可重入性</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code> --- 时间的访问和转换</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html#functions">函数</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html#clock-id-constants">Clock ID 常量</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html#timezone-constants">时区常量</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argparse</span></code> --- 命令行选项、参数和子命令解析器</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#example">示例</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#creating-a-parser">创建一个解析器</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#adding-arguments">添加参数</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#parsing-arguments">解析参数</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#argumentparser-objects">ArgumentParser 对象</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#prog">prog</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#usage">usage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#description">描述</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#epilog">epilog</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#parents">parents</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#formatter-class">formatter_class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#prefix-chars">prefix_chars</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#fromfile-prefix-chars">fromfile_prefix_chars</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#argument-default">argument_default</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#allow-abbrev">allow_abbrev</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#conflict-handler">conflict_handler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#add-help">add_help</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#the-add-argument-method">add_argument() 方法</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#name-or-flags">name or flags</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#action">action</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#nargs">nargs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#const">const</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#default">默认值</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#type">type -- 类型</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#choices">choices</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#required">required</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#help">help</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#metavar">metavar</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#dest">dest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#action-classes">Action 类</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#the-parse-args-method">parse_args() 方法</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#option-value-syntax">选项值语法</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#invalid-arguments">无效的参数</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#arguments-containing">包含 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-</span></code> 的参数</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#argument-abbreviations-prefix-matching">参数缩写（前缀匹配）</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#beyond-sys-argv">在 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv</span></code> 以外</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#the-namespace-object">命名空间对象</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#other-utilities">其它实用工具</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#sub-commands">子命令</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#filetype-objects">FileType 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#argument-groups">参数组</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#mutual-exclusion">互斥</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#parser-defaults">解析器默认值</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#printing-help">打印帮助</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#partial-parsing">部分解析</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#customizing-file-parsing">自定义文件解析</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#exiting-methods">退出方法</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#intermixed-parsing">混合解析</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#upgrading-optparse-code">升级 optparse 代码</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="getopt.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getopt</span></code> --- C 风格的命令行选项解析器</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html">模块 <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging</span></code> --- Python 的日志记录工具</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logger-objects">Logger 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logging-levels">日志级别</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#handler-objects">处理器对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#formatter-objects">格式器对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#filter-objects">Filter 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logrecord-objects">LogRecord 属性</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logrecord-attributes">LogRecord 属性</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#loggeradapter-objects">LoggerAdapter 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#thread-safety">线程安全</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#module-level-functions">模块级别函数</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#module-level-attributes">模块级属性</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#integration-with-the-warnings-module">与警告模块集成</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.config</span></code> --- 日志记录配置</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-functions">配置函数</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-dictionary-schema">Configuration dictionary schema</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#dictionary-schema-details">Dictionary Schema Details</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#incremental-configuration">Incremental Configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#object-connections">Object connections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#user-defined-objects">User-defined objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#access-to-external-objects">Access to external objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#access-to-internal-objects">Access to internal objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#import-resolution-and-custom-importers">Import resolution and custom importers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-file-format">Configuration file format</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.handlers</span></code> --- 日志处理</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#streamhandler">StreamHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#filehandler">FileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#nullhandler">NullHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#watchedfilehandler">WatchedFileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#baserotatinghandler">BaseRotatingHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#rotatingfilehandler">RotatingFileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#timedrotatingfilehandler">TimedRotatingFileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#sockethandler">SocketHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#datagramhandler">DatagramHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#sysloghandler">SysLogHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#nteventloghandler">NTEventLogHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#smtphandler">SMTPHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#memoryhandler">MemoryHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#httphandler">HTTPHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#queuehandler">QueueHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#queuelistener">QueueListener</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="getpass.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getpass</span></code> --- 便携式密码输入工具</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses</span></code> --- 终端字符单元显示的处理</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#functions">函数</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#window-objects">Window Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#constants">常量</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#module-curses.textpad"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.textpad</span></code> --- Text input widget for curses programs</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#textbox-objects">文本框对象</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.ascii.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.ascii</span></code> --- Utilities for ASCII characters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.panel.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.panel</span></code> --- A panel stack extension for curses</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.panel.html#functions">函数</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.panel.html#panel-objects">Panel Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">platform</span></code> ---  获取底层平台的标识数据</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#cross-platform">跨平台</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#java-platform">Java平台</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#windows-platform">Windows平台</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#win95-98-specific">Win95/98 specific</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#mac-os-platform">Mac OS平台</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#unix-platforms">Unix Platforms</a></li>
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